Exclusive Neuroject Article: About 40% of the energy used worldwide is consumed by the building sector. Diesel fuel combustion is the primary cause of the majority of air pollution emanating from construction sites. Because construction sites, particularly those in distant areas, lack grid electricity, the sector is dependent on diesel fuel.
It is difficult to effectively regulate energy consumption on construction sites due to varying loads throughout the day. Heavy machinery, such as cranes, creates a surge in load when they are first started, but continuous operation keeps demand constant at a considerably lower level.
The concepts of operational and embodied carbon have a big impact on sustainable architecture. We can reduce carbon emission in construction, improve the health and well-being of building occupants, save money, and comply with changing legal and regulatory requirements by addressing both of these factors.
Trying to reduce carbon emission in construction through creative design, material selection, energy-efficient systems, and a dedication to continual development is a critical responsibility for architects, engineers, and designers. We can create a constructed environment that is advantageous for both the current and future generations, economically feasible, and environmentally responsible by implementing sustainable practices and seizing the opportunities that come with carbon reduction.
Table of Contents
How much Carbon does the Construction Industry Emit?
The building sector is responsible for around 11% of carbon emissions worldwide. The components that contribute to pollution include building materials, machinery, lights, HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems, and other items.
To reduce carbon emission in construction and maybe raise the value of their properties, homeowners can benefit greatly from the assistance of contractors and subcontractors. About 40% of greenhouse gas emissions are produced annually by residential and commercial buildings, and construction activities raise the overall pollution level. Owners of corporations must reduce their negative ecological effects to meet the worldwide net-zero emission target.
Since the built environment is expected to double by 2060, according to environmental researchers, you must consider sustainability as you build more buildings. One area where you can assess and reduce emissions is material use. Approximately 11% of greenhouse gas emissions worldwide come from three building materials: concrete, steel, and aluminum.
The remaining 12% of pollution comes from other sources. By implementing sustainable practices, you can reduce carbon emission in construction and avoid fines. Additionally, your company will establish a reputation for being environmentally friendly, which may attract more business from eco-aware customers who value your efforts.
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Why are Global Organizations Targeting Construction Companies?
When we hear “Reduce carbon footprint in construction”, we often think big: restructuring the whole company or invest in high-end machines and technology. Sure, you can do that if your company has vast savings and free time for tests and implementation. However, we believe that small changes done now are better than a perfect plan waiting forever to be implemented. Here are few, relatively easy to implement tips that will make your company a little bit greener.
To reduce carbon emission in construction, organizations such as the United Nations are focusing on the construction sector. A strategy to reduce Earth’s temperature by 2 degrees Celsius before 2050 was devised by the group. The Paris Agreement has the goal of reducing temperature.
Because most people live in constructed environments, environmentalists utilize the Paris Agreement to target builders. Most people work, eat, and sleep in buildings. The buildings add to peoples’ carbon footprints as well.
You may increase the number of green jobs you create by improving the sustainability practices of your construction company. The industry requires eco-aware builders, manufacturers, environmental engineers, and installation specialists. Such a workforce can facilitate the adoption of sustainable energy solutions.
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What is Embodied Carbon?
The entire quantity of greenhouse gas emissions brought about by the extraction, transportation, and assembly of building materials is referred to as “embodied carbon.” It includes all of the carbon emissions produced during the extraction, processing, manufacturing, and final disposal of these materials, as well as any other period of their life cycle. Embodied carbon considers emissions of greenhouse gases like nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) in addition to carbon dioxide (CO2).
Sources of Embodied Carbon in Construction Materials
One major source of embodied carbon in buildings is construction materials. Because of the energy-intensive manufacturing methods used in their creation, materials including cement, steel, aluminum, and plastics are notorious for having a high carbon footprint. The embodied carbon of building materials is also influenced by the extraction and transportation of raw materials.
Measuring and Assessing Embodied Carbon
Evaluating the carbon emissions connected to each material used in a building project is a difficult step in the process of measuring embodied carbon. Methodologies for life cycle assessment (LCA) are widely used to evaluate the embodied carbon of various building materials and construction processes. LCA examines the environmental effects of a material at every step of its life cycle, considering the cradle-to-grave viewpoint.
Strategies to Reduce Embodied Carbon
Reaching the aims of sustainable design requires reducing the amount of carbon that is embodied in construction. Building materials can have their environmental impact reduced by a variety of tactics. These consist of:
- Material Selection: Incorporating eco-friendly and recycled building materials is essential to reduce our carbon footprint and promote sustainable building practices. Opting for low-carbon or carbon-neutral materials, such as recycled or locally sourced materials, can significantly reduce embodied carbon.
- Efficient Manufacturing: Designing energy-efficient buildings and systems is a key strategy for reducing carbon emissions. The importance of reducing carbon emissions has led to the emergence of advanced construction materials and techniques that prioritize energy conservation. Encouraging manufacturers to adopt energy-efficient processes and technologies can help reduce carbon emission in construction during the production of materials.
- Transportation Optimization: Minimizing transportation distances and utilizing sustainable transportation methods can reduce carbon emission in construction associated with material delivery.
- Design Optimization: Designing buildings with consideration for material efficiency, waste reduction, and ease of disassembly can reduce carbon emission in construction.
- Innovations in Construction Techniques: Embracing innovative construction methods, such as modular or prefabricated construction, can lead to reduced material consumption and lower embodied carbon.
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Operational Carbon: The Ongoing Impact
Concerning the carbon emissions that arise from the regular usage and operation of buildings, operational carbon is an essential component of sustainable architecture. The definition of operational carbon, its sources, methods of calculation and benchmarking, approaches to reducing it, and practical instances of operational carbon management will all be covered in this part.
Defining Operational Carbon
The term “operational carbon” describes the greenhouse gas emissions that occur during the energy-intensive stages of a building’s life cycle, such as when energy is used for lighting, ventilation, heating, air conditioning, and the use of electrical appliances. Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
Sources of Operational Carbon in Buildings
Buildings’ operating operations account for a large amount of the world’s carbon emissions. Among the sources of operational carbon are:
- Energy Consumption: The energy used by electrical appliances, lighting, heating, and cooling systems, and other systems releases carbon dioxide during operation. This energy is mostly obtained from fossil fuels.
- HVAC Systems: Excessive energy consumption and increased operating carbon emissions can be caused by inefficient heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems.
- Lighting: Compared to LED lighting, conventional lighting systems, such as incandescent bulbs, are less energy-efficient and produce more operating carbon.
- Appliances and Equipment: When fossil fuel-based electricity is used to power energy-intensive equipment like computers, refrigerators, and machinery, it adds to the overall carbon emissions of the system.
Calculating and Benchmarking Operational Carbon
To reduce carbon emission in construction, energy consumption data and emission factors are used to calculate the carbon footprint. Emission factors represent the amount of CO2 or other greenhouse gases emitted per unit of energy consumed. Energy modeling software and tools enable the calculation of operational carbon based on the building’s energy consumption patterns.
Benchmarking operational carbon involves comparing the energy consumption and carbon emissions of a building to industry standards or similar buildings. Benchmarking helps identify areas for improvement and sets targets for reducing operational carbon.
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Strategies to Reduce Carbon Emission in Construction
Achieving sustainability goals requires minimizing operational emissions. Among the techniques for cutting operational carbon are:
- Energy Efficiency: Energy consumption and operating carbon emissions can be greatly decreased by putting energy-efficient measures in place, such as insulation, energy-efficient HVAC systems, and LED lighting.
- Integration of Renewable Energy: Using renewable energy sources, such as wind turbines or solar panels, can offset the electricity generated by burning fossil fuels and reduce carbon emission in construction.
- Smart Building technology: You may optimize energy use and reduce carbon emission in construction by utilizing smart technology, such as occupancy sensors and automated energy management systems.
- Behavior Change and Education: Reducing energy consumption and operating carbon emissions can result from encouraging energy-conscious behavior among occupants through awareness campaigns and education.
Comparing Embodied and Operational Carbon
Although both operational and embodied carbon adds to a building’s total carbon footprint, there are several significant distinctions between the two:
- Timeline: While operational carbon is continuous and related to the building’s energy use over its operational life, embodied carbon is connected to the building’s initial construction and materials utilized.
- Scope: While operational carbon only considers emissions from building operations, embodied carbon considers emissions from the full life cycle of construction materials.
- Opportunities for Mitigation: While operational carbon reduction focuses on energy efficiency and renewable energy integration, embodied carbon reduction strategies generally involve material selection and building methods.
- Evaluation Techniques: Life cycle assessments (LCAs), which take into account the effects of materials on the environment, are used to evaluate embodied carbon. Energy consumption and related emissions are measured to reduce carbon emission in construction.
Understanding the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Approach
A popular technique for assessing how buildings and materials affect the environment is life cycle assessment or LCA. The full life cycle is considered, which includes raw material extraction, manufacturing, transportation, consumption, and disposal at the end of the product’s useful life. When evaluating embodied carbon, life cycle a
ssessment (LCA) offers a comprehensive viewpoint that helps make well-informed decisions about construction methods and material selections.
Evaluating the Relative Impact of Embodied and Operational Carbon
To reduce carbon emission in construction, in sustainable design, it is imperative to strike a balance between addressing operational and embodied carbon. Building longevity, energy efficiency, and material selections are just a few of the variables that affect how much of an influence embodied and operational carbon have. It is possible to prioritize efforts by identifying regions with the greatest carbon impact using of energy modeling and life cycle assessments (LCAs).
The Role of Sustainable Architecture in Carbon Reduction
The integration of diverse ideas and practices is a crucial aspect of sustainable design to reduce carbon emission in construction. Important things to think about are:
- Carbon-Reducing Design: To lower energy consumption and reduce carbon emission in construction, architects might apply passive design concepts, such as maximizing natural lighting and ventilation.
- Integrating Renewable Energy into building design encourages the production of clean energy and lessens dependency on fossil fuels. Examples of such systems are solar panels and geothermal heat pumps.
- Material Selection: Selecting materials that have low embodied carbon, such as those that are locally or recycled, helps reduce carbon emission in construction overall.
- Adaptability and Longevity: Planning with these qualities reduce carbon emission in construction by reducing the need for repeated restorations or demolitions.
Sustainable architecture may effectively contribute to carbon reduction efforts and create a more ecologically conscious built environment by taking a comprehensive approach and putting these techniques into practice.
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Impacts and Benefits of Addressing Embodied and Operational Carbon
In sustainable design, addressing operational and embodied carbon has a multitude of advantages and effects that touch on the environment, the health and well-being of occupants, economics, legislation, and regulations, as well as future directions and difficulties. We’ll go into more detail about these topics in this section.
Environmental Benefits of Reducing Embodied and Operational Carbon
There are several important environmental advantages of trying to reduce carbon emission in construction, including:
- Climate Change Mitigation: We may help to lessen greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere and mitigate climate change by decreasing carbon emissions throughout the building life cycle, including construction and operation.
- Energy Conservation: By lowering operating carbon through energy-efficient practices, the need for energy production is reduced, which contributes to the preservation of natural resources and a reduction in the use of fossil fuels.
- Preservation of Natural Ecosystems: We may lessen the need for building materials and techniques that require a lot of resources if we reduce carbon emission in construction, which will aid in the preservation of biodiversity and natural ecosystems.
- Reduced Environmental Footprint: Reducing pollution, resource depletion, and waste generation are all benefits of addressing operational and embodied carbon in the built environment.
Health and Well-being Advantages for Occupants
The following are some ways that efforts to lower operational and embodied carbon can improve the health and well-being of building occupants:
- Indoor Air Quality: Low-toxicity material selection and other sustainable architecture techniques enhance indoor air quality, which benefits building occupants’ respiratory health and general comfort.
- Thermal Comfort: Better thermal comfort is ensured in energy-efficient buildings with well-designed ventilation and insulation systems, making the interior environment healthier and more productive if we reduce carbon emission in construction.
- Natural Lighting and Views: Design features that optimize natural light and give residents access to views of the outdoors have a positive impact on their mental health, level of productivity, and sense of connection to the outside world.
- Noise Reduction: Reducing noise transmission through the use of sustainable construction methods and materials can improve occupant contentment, comfort, and focus.
Economic Considerations and Cost Savings
In the long run, addressing operational and embodied carbon can result in financial gains and cost savings like:
- Energy Cost Reduction: During a building’s lifetime, decreased energy consumption and lower operating costs are the outcome of minimizing operational carbon through energy-efficient measures.
- Enhanced Property Value: Eco-friendly structures that reduce carbon emission in construction and energy-saving attributes are frequently more valuable and appealing to buyers.
- Operational Efficiency: Reducing maintenance and operating costs can be achieved by optimizing building systems and putting renewable energy technologies into practice.
- Future-Proofing Investments: Architects and designers can prepare for future regulatory changes and shifting market needs by taking operational and embodied carbon into account from the beginning.
Policy and Regulatory Perspectives on Carbon Reduction
In sustainable architecture, policy and regulatory frameworks are vital in guiding attempts to reduce carbon emission in construction:
- Building Codes and Standards: Several nations and areas have implemented building codes and standards that include sustainability norms, energy efficiency requirements, and targets to reduce carbon emission in construction.
- Certification Systems: To reduce carbon emission in construction and sustainable building practices, internationally recognized certification systems like BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method) and LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) offer guidelines and criteria.
- Government Incentives: To encourage energy efficiency and to reduce carbon emission in construction, governments may provide grants, tax credits, or other financial incentives. This encourages architects and designers to give carbon reduction a priority.
How BIM can Reduce Carbon Emission in Construction
The primary advantage of BIM in the building stage is the removal of doubts or misinterpretations that result in higher emissions and material waste due to delays and rework. For instance, by facilitating quicker construction and minimizing material waste, prefabrication, and modular building can assist in lowering the emissions produced on-site. However, because prefabrication uses automated production methods to drastically reduce carbon emission in construction, it heavily depends on BIM.
BIM can be used to assess the appropriateness of alternative building options in addition to manufacturing cost reductions. Precast hollow-core slabs, for instance, can save energy, and waste, and reduce carbon emission in construction during transportation to the site, as well as on concrete and steel reinforcing. These slabs might be included in the model and their suitability objectively assessed using BIM.
BIM can also reduce waste on the job site by facilitating improved planning and administration. To make sure the structure is buildable before alterations become expensive and squander valuable resources, for instance, the construction procedure might be simulated. This can be used for prefabricated or modular construction, as well as conventional construction. Comparably, before being installed on site, modular or prefabricated component assembly can also be examined.
One way to prevent material waste during construction is to be able to envision the layout of the site and arrange the access, storage, and positioning of equipment (such as cranes). Extensive planning and modeling are beneficial not just for material conservation but also for preventing overruns in energy consumption, emissions, and pollutants.
Challenges and Future Directions
Even with the advancements, measuring and treating operational and embodied carbon still present challenges:
- Data Consistency and Availability: Precise carbon accounting and benchmarking may be hampered by a lack of accurate and thorough data on carbon emissions related to material and operational energy use.
- Technological Restrictions: The existing approaches of evaluating operational and embodied carbon may be labor- and resource-intensive, lacking uniformity.
- Knowledge of Industry and Education: Driven by the need to close knowledge gaps and increase professional awareness of the importance of operational and embodied carbon, carbon reduction measures must be widely adopted.
To address these issues, methods and instruments for carbon accounting are constantly being improved. Examples of these innovations include the creation of databases and digital platforms that make data collecting, analysis, and reporting more efficient. Furthermore, the incorporation of Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology can reduce carbon emission in construction more precisely in the early phases of design.
Future advancements in carbon reduction and sustainable building could include the following:
- Material Innovations: Recycled materials and engineered wood are two examples of low-carbon and carbon-neutral materials that have advanced to provide viable substitutes for high-emission building materials.
- Positive and Net Zero Energy Buildings: The emergence of these two types of structures shows that they can produce renewable energy and integrate into the grid.
- The Adoption of Circular Economy concepts can reduce waste and increase the amount of building materials that are reused, recycled, and put to new uses. This can reduce carbon emission in construction.
- Strengthening Rules and Regulations: Encouraging the industry to embrace sustainable practices would need strengthening rules and regulations about embodied and operational carbon. Examples of this legislation include mandatory carbon reporting and tighter energy performance criteria.
To address operational and embodied carbon more quickly, cooperation and industry-wide initiatives are essential. To achieve a sustainable, low-carbon future, architects, engineers, designers, legislators, and other stakeholders must cooperate, exchange knowledge and best practices, and work together to reduce carbon emission in construction.
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Call to Action for Architects, Engineers, and Designers
Architects, engineers, and designers are professionals in the field of sustainable architecture, and they can influence positive change. Here are some actions you can take to reduce carbon emission in construction:
- Learn: Remain current on the newest findings, patterns, and recommended procedures concerning operational and embodied carbon. Continue to deepen your understanding and proficiency in sustainable architecture.
- Include Life Cycle Thinking: From the point of origin to the end of life, take into account the effects that buildings and materials will have. Make sure that your design and decision-making processes incorporate life cycle assessment (LCA) methodologies.
- Join Forces and Exchange: Cooperate with researchers, industry associations, and other experts to exchange success stories, expertise, and experiences. We can accomplish our carbon reduction goals more quickly if we work together.
- Be an Advocate for Change: Promote carbon reduction and sustainable architecture. Inform clients, associates, and interested parties about the advantages of carbon reduction techniques and the significance of sustainable design concepts.
- Stay Innovative: Embrace innovation and explore emerging technologies, materials, and practices that can further enhance carbon reduction efforts in the field of sustainable architecture.
Conclusion
The building sector will be essential in steering the world community to reduce carbon emission in construction. Climate change is the issue that defines our generation. It’s required to reduce carbon emission in construction; it is neither a choice nor an impossibility.
Sustainable techniques have been more and more popular in several industries recently, and the building industry is no different. The rising use of green building materials, which have numerous advantages for the environment and the economy, is one of the main factors causing this transformation.
In general, the core tactic is to combine efforts from several angles to accomplish a worldwide influence on the decarbonization of buildings. Modern industry already has a plethora of construction solutions, and it is indisputable that advances in their processing and application can have a major effect on the environment and the well-being of humankind.
The process of decarbonizing architecture globally is a complex one that calls for cooperation between designers and architects, corporate innovation, activism, and education. We can significantly improve our planet and built environment, raising the standard of living for present and future generations, by combining efforts from several angles and adopting sustainable building solutions to reduce carbon emission in construction.
Resources:
AIA | AtlasCopco | Linkedin | ArchDesk | FieldWire | PlanRadar | UtilitiesOne | AllPlan | StoregGA | Trimble | Unsustainable Magazine | Ugreen | Archdaily
For the pictures: Freepik
